“Waiting for Godot” Set Design Rationale Essay Example

â€Å"Waiting for Godot† Set Design Rationale Essay [pic] â€Å"Waiting for Godot† [pic] In the production â€Å"Waiting for Godot† there are not many scenic changes made within the play. The writer of â€Å"Waiting for Godot† Sam Beckett developed the play in the form of the Theatre of the Absurd created during WW1. The Theatre of the Absurd plays are confusing and sometimes have hidden meanings concealed with dark humour. Playwrights focus their writing on conveying a sense of puzzlement, anxiety, and wonder in the face of an unexplainable universe. For example, in the play â€Å"Waiting for Godot† there are only two main scenes set in the same place; act 1 and act 2. When the two main characters Vladimir and Estragon go to sleep they wake to see the only large piece of scenic structure, a tree, has changed only slightly by growing leaves. The characters discuss how one only day has passed. However, the tree changing from bare branches to showing signs of life displays a seasonal change (e. g. winter to spring), rather than the passing of a day. Each day they wake up and wait for a man called Godot, centring all scenes around a lone tree on set. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Waiting for Godot† Set Design Rationale specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Waiting for Godot† Set Design Rationale specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Waiting for Godot† Set Design Rationale specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The only other scenic changes focuses on the movement of the characters with each other and their interactions with the set itself, rather than major structural scene changes. I have attached an example with a diagram of the only set change in the play. [pic] The effect of levelling by the actors standing or sitting to reveal different status or authority, appears many times in the play â€Å"Waiting for Godot†. This effect helps describe the different status of all five characters throughout the production. I have placed the seating at the front f the stage where the audience will be placed at the top of the upwards slant seating them closest to the sky with the main stage below on a lower level. This would also show that Estragon and Vladimir (on stage) are the farthest away from the sky and are stuck in the world, far away from heaven. This effect gives immediate contrast between audience members and the characters. To further enhance this contrast, the actors enter at the bottom of the stage by walking out from under the audience’s feet and travel along the gravel road. This also suggest the actors were just walking down the road and do not deliberately seek each other for company. The advantage of the audience seating in a vertically configuration, semi- encircling the stage, is to enhance the visibility of everything that is happening on stage including highly detailed scenic changes used in the production. This seating also increases the effect of voice projection (the ability for the actors to make their voice loud and clear without shouting) with the audience placed at the best level for sound waves to carry. This seating arrangement helps audiences hear the actors even without microphones, though I have decided to use speakers on each side of the stage to help maximise the understanding of the words being said. I would place lights at such an angle that they would have faint lines representing bars running along the floor of the stage showing that Vladimir and Estragon were truly trapped inside their own minds of madness. The lighting would vary according to the action, mood, or tone of the play, but will be focused on illuminating the stage leaving the audience dark. This would make the audience feel separate from the events of the play enhancing the theme of the spirit presence versus physically existing. â€Å"Waiting For Godot† Set Design Rationale â€Å"Waiting for Godot† is a play by Samuel Beckett in which two characters, Vladimir and Estragon, wait for someone or something named Godot. Godots absence, as well as numerous other aspects of the play, has led to many different interpretations since the plays premiere. The play is often considered one of the major works in the â€Å"Theatre of the Absurd movement†. Waiting for godot was Voted the most significant English language play of the 20th century, Waiting for Godot is Becketts translation of one of his older original French texts called Godot, and is subtitled (in English only) a tragicomedy in two acts. The original French text was composed between 9 October 1948, and 29 January 1949. The premiere was on 5 January 1953 in the Theatre de Babylonia. The original production was directed by Roger Blin, who also played the role of Pozzo. There is only one scene throughout both acts. Two men are waiting on a country road by a tree. The script calls for Estragon to sit on a low mound, but in practice – as in Becketts own 1975 German production – this is usually a stone. In the first act the tree is bare. In the second, a few leaves have appeared despite the script specifying that it is the next day. I used this set description to place dead looking grass with a burnt dead tree in the middle of the set. There is also rock for Estragon and a gravel road through the middle, to show that the setting is in a place far away from natural life.

The Causes of the Downfall of Communism

The Causes of the Downfall of Communism Communism gained a strong foothold in the world during the first half of the 20th century, with one-third of the worlds population living under some form of communism by the 1970s. However, just a decade later, many of the major communist governments around the world toppled. What brought about this collapse? The First Cracks in the Wall By the time Joseph Stalin died in March of 1953, the Soviet Union had emerged as a major industrial power. Despite the reign of terror that defined Stalin’s regime, his death was mourned by thousands of Russians and brought about a general sense of uncertainty about the future of the Communist state. Soon following Stalin’s death, a power struggle ensued for leadership of the Soviet Union. Nikita Khrushchev eventually emerged the victor but the instability that had preceded his ascent to the premiership had emboldened some anti-Communists within the eastern European satellite states. Uprisings in both Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia were quickly quelled but one of the most significant uprisings occurred in East Germany. In June of 1953, workers in East Berlin staged a strike over conditions in the country that soon spread to the rest of the nation. The strike was quickly crushed by East German and Soviet military forces and sent a strong message that any dissent against Communist rule would be dealt with harshly. Nevertheless, unrest continued to spread throughout Eastern Europe and hit a crescendo in 1956, when both Hungary and Poland saw massive demonstrations against Communist rule and Soviet influence. Soviet forces invaded Hungary in November of 1956 to crush what was now being called the Hungarian Revolution. Scores of Hungarians died as a result of the invasion, sending waves of concern throughout the western world. For the time being, the military actions seemed to have put a damper on anti-Communist activity. Just a few decades later, it would start again. The Solidarity Movement The 1980s would see the emergence of another phenomenon that would ultimately chip away at the Soviet Union’s power and influence. The Solidarity movement- championed by the Polish activist Lech Walesa- emerged as a reaction to policies introduced by the Polish Communist Party in 1980. In April 1980, Poland decided to curb food subsidies, which had been a life-line for many Poles suffering through economic difficulties. Polish shipyard workers in the city of Gdansk decided to organize a strike when petitions for wage-increases were denied. The strike quickly spread across the country, with factory workers all over Poland voting to stand in solidarity with the workers in Gdansk. Strikes continued for the next 15 months, with negotiations ongoing between the leaders of Solidarity and the Polish Communist regime. Finally, in October of 1982, the Polish government decided to order full martial law, which saw an end to the Solidarity movement. Despite its ultimate failure, the movement saw a foreshadowing of the end of Communism in Eastern Europe.   Gorbachev In March of 1985, the Soviet Union gained a new leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Gorbachev was young, forward-thinking, and reform-minded. He knew the Soviet Union faced many internal problems, not the least of which was an economic downturn and a general sense of discontentment with Communism. He wanted to introduce a broad policy of economic restructuring, which he called perestroika. However, Gorbachev knew that the regime’s powerful bureaucrats had often stood in the way of economic reform in the past. He needed to get the people on his side to put pressure on the bureaucrats and thus introduced two new policies: glasnost (meaning ‘openness’) and demokratizatsiya (democratization). They were intended to encourage ordinary Russian citizens to openly voice their concern and unhappiness with the regime. Gorbachev hoped the policies would encourage people to speak out against the central government and thus put pressure on the bureaucrats to approve his intended economic reforms. The policies had their intended effect but soon got out of control. When Russians realized that Gorbachev would not crack down on their newly won freedom of expression, their complaints went far beyond mere discontentment with the regime and the bureaucracy. The whole concept of communism- its history, ideology, and effectiveness as a system of government- came up for debate. These democratization policies made Gorbachev extremely popular both in Russia and abroad. Falling Like Dominoes When people all across Communist Eastern Europe got wind that the Russians would do little to quell dissent, they began to challenge their own regimes and work to develop pluralist systems in their countries. One by one, like dominoes, Eastern Europe’s Communist regimes began to topple. The wave started with Hungary and Poland in 1989 and soon spread to Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania. East Germany, too, was rocked by nation-wide demonstrations that eventually led the regime there to allow its citizens to travel once more to the West. Scores of people crossed the border and both East and West Berliners (who had not had contact in almost 30 years) gathered around the Berlin Wall, dismembering it bit by bit with pickaxes and other tools. The East German government was unable to hold onto power and the reunification of Germany occurred soon after, in 1990. One year later, in December of 1991, the Soviet Union disintegrated and ceased to exist. It was the final death knell of the Cold War and marked an end of Communism in Europe, where it had first been established 74 years prior. Although Communism has nearly died out, there are still five countries that remain Communist: China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam.

Phuket beach resort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Phuket beach resort - Essay Example We either are planning to have our own Beach Karaoke Pub that will up-front to us an investment of 880,000 up to 1,200,000 baht, which is quiet near the amount due to your project. But there are still other investments that would amount to 900,000 baht. The Chief Security Officer informs us his concerns and displeasure over security problems that a Karaoke Bar might bring. And karaoke pub might attract unwelcome guests or outsiders. This is a negative factor that we would like to reach you. This may decrease the rate of tourists' visitors that are traveling with children. And we in the social; service are reminded of having a great number of drug arrests in karaoke pubs, and we are suggested not to be involved in that type of project. So we are proposing that you put up a strict security system to facilitate inside and outside the pub, securing our visitors and hotel renters to be safe while enjoying in your pub. The security matters are your responsibility and so with us too, we would like to have in our area a screening system of those who enters our place. These may serve as key value drivers that affect the attractiveness of the project. .. So we are proposing that you put up a strict security system to facilitate inside and outside the pub, securing our visitors and hotel renters to be safe while enjoying in your pub. The security matters are your responsibility and so with us too, we would like to have in our area a screening system of those who enters our place. These may serve as key value drivers that affect the attractiveness of the project. Proposed Renting Agreement Monthly rental fee of 170,000 baht for the first 2 years Thereafter, 5% increment for the next 2 years Security Aids We would like to maintain the peace in our beach accompanied with your good management. Mike Campbell, General

Whether Muslim-majority Kashmir Valley, should be separated from India Essay

Whether Muslim-majority Kashmir Valley, should be separated from India or should the entire Jammu & Kashmir State of India be separated from India, including no - Essay Example In addition, this paper presents some of the potential solutions that have been offered for the resolution of this issue and attempts to propose a possible solution to put an end to this issue once and for all. Kashmir is located in the Northwest of the sub continent. Historically, the valley consisted of the area lying between great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. However, current Kashmir is referred to the area administered by India – Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh; the area administered by Pakistan – Azad Kashmir; and Aksai Chin, which is in China (Wikipedia.org, 2007). Kashmir has always been a Muslim majority area. As per the 1901 census that was carried out by British Indian Empire, almost 75% of the population consisted of Muslims, 24% were Hindus, and the others were Buddhists. The major population of Hindus was in Jammu which had almost 50% Hindus population, whereas in Kashmir valley, Muslims were in dominant majority with approximately 94% of the total population and Hindus were only 5% (Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1908). As per the census of 1941, Muslim population of Kashmir was 93.6% and Hindus were only 4% (Mridu, 2004). In 2003, the percentage population of Muslims in the Kashmir valley was 95% with Hindus only 4%. In Jammu, the percentage population of Hindus was 66% and Muslims 30% (BBC, 2003). These figures clearly show that Kashmir valley has been a Muslim dominant area in terms of population whereas the major portion of population in Jammu consists of Hindus with Muslims as second majority. As per the formula for dividing the sub continent, agreed between both Hindu and Muslim leaders, the state of Jammu and Kashmir was to be either associated with Pakistan due to its Muslim majority in population, or had to be associated with India if the people of Kashmir want that. There was no resolution or advice to make it a separate state, free from both Indian and Pakistani boundary. The people of

Brown v. board of eduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Brown v. board of eduction - Essay Example All of the other cases that are cited show that the courts were aware that there were many people in society pressuring the legal system about â€Å"separate versus equal†. This goes against the desired code of the 14th Amendment. Finally Justice Warren and other judges realized that Negros deserved to gain education and the other case decisions could not give good reasons why blacks should continue to be segregated. The right to education is deserved for everyone regardless of their race and color. What Justice Warren is saying is that there have been many changes in society since the 1800s. It no longer made sense with a society that was developing for blacks to continue to be segregated in schools. Without having equal protections for education, they would always be thought as second class citizens. This court in Brown v. Board of Education did an excellent job of using education as a reason to finally begin the process of ending racial

Secondary Air Damper Control in Boiler

Secondary Air Damper Control in Boiler In this proposed work, design and development of controlling Secondary air dampers in a draft system of a power plant which is presently working on DCS technique has been accomplished by using high computing software ARDUINO and results has been shown with suitable simulation in VISUAL BASICS. The goal of this work is to control the air dampers in a different way according to the unit load thereby increasing the boiler efficiency and to reduce the pollution. A set of six interlock conditions were provided for this purpose. Since DCS is applicable only for big system not less than 5000 input and output but this is costly. It consists of separate server, processor and computers where as ARDUINO does not require a separate processor, no workstation, no operator station here directly connect interfacing card with computer itself. Keywords- Secondary air dampers, Draft system, ARDUINO, Power plant (TTPS), Software control. I. INTRODUCTION In power plant boilers, the draft is obtained by means of fans namely Forced draft and Induced draft fan. The FD and ID fans develop enough draft to move the tremendous volume of air and gases through the flue gas ducts and stack to atmosphere maintaining a balanced draft in the furnace. The secondary air for combustion primarily enters into the windbox. The wind box assembly is a tall structure divided in its height into thirteen compartments which houses 6 no. of Coal nozzles and 5 auxiliary air nozzles alternatively at different elevations from top to bottom. Louvre dampers named as secondary air dampers each of which is operated by an individual damper drive cylinder located at the side of the wind box. The coal nozzle elevations are designated as A,B,C,D,E,F elevation from bottom to top, the bottom end air and top end air elevations as AA and FF respectively. The auxiliary air nozzles in between coal elevations are designated as elevations AB,BC,CD,DE,EF. The furnace corners are designated as corner 1, 2, 3 and 4 in clockwise direction. The heat released in the furnace is received by the Water/steam/air to the maximum extent to have boiler efficiency of the order of 86%. II. OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE OF SECONDARY AIR The operation of the auxiliary and fuel air dampers in the windbox assemblies are affected by the FSSS. A. Auxiliary air dampers: During the furnace purge period and initial operations up to 30% boiler loading all elevations of auxiliary and end air dampers modulate to maintain a predetermined (approx. 40 mmWC) set point differential pressure between windbox to furnace. 30 to 40% of total air flow to have an air rich furnace will be supplied during the above period to avoid unhealthy furnace conditions. When the unit load exceeds 30% MCR, the differential pressure set point is changed and ramps to a higher setting (approx. 100 mmWC). Simultaneously, the auxillary air dampers associated with coal or oil elevations not in service close in timed sequence starting with the upper elevation of dampers and progressing to the lowest elevation. When the unit loading is reduced below 30% loading, the auxillary air dampers open in a timed sequence starting with the lowest elevation of dampers. Simultaneously, the differential set point changes to its lowest setting. All the auxillary air dampers maintain the status quotient upon a boiler trip and will open fully when both the FD fans are off. The bottom end air damper is normally kept open to a fixed predetermined position to reduce unburnt coal dust fall out. B. Fuel (oil) air dampers: Elevation AB, CD and EF dampers modulate according to the oil header pressure when heavy oil is being fired. Otherwise they open and close with the rest of the aux air dampers. Elevation AB dampers are kept at a fixed opening when light oil is being fired. C. Fuel (coal) air dampers: Their operations are independent of Boiler load. All coal air dampers are normally closed. They open fifty seconds after the associated feeder is started, and modulate as a function of feeder speed. Fifty seconds after the coal feeders are removed from service, the associated fuel air dampers close. The fuel (coal) air dampers open fully, when both FD fans are off or when the boiler trips on master fuel trip. Importance of secondary air: Protect Boiler Equipments Control the Pollution Improve the Efficiency of the Boiler III.METHODOLOGY This project is to automatically control the air inlets that are termed as dampers which are operated using pneumatic valves. The pneumatic valves are controlled by sensors depending on the windbox to furnace differential pressure. Thus this project controls dampers based on arduino coding And its visually displayed in visual basics. This forms the basic methodology for this project. A. Hardware Description: The hardware components consist of 4potentiometers of range 10kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. These are assumed to be the coal mills/diesel input i.e. inputs for coal. Secondary air dampers are present near all coal and diesel elevations. The percentage opening of a damper depends on the amount of coal/diesel input. Therefore variation of potentiometers indicate amount of coal/diesel input. The damper opening depends on the variable point of the potentiometers. 4 potentiometers are so connected for explanation and they are connected to the A/D convertor pins of AT MEGA 8.0 controller. Then the freeduino board in which the AT MEGA 8.0 is fixed is connected to PC and arduino coding is uploaded in the controller. Then VB shows graphical representation of percentage of damper opening and all other factors. B. Software Description: The software coding was developed based on several conditions on which the secondary air damper openings depend. These form the base for developing a program. These conditions are based on some fixed values and formulas. As already mentioned the percentages of secondary air damper opening depend on the amount of fuel input to the furnace. The algorithm for visual basics coding are as below. 1) Operation Of Coal Elevation Dampers: (A, B, C, D, E, F) The coal dampers at elevations A, B, C, D, E and F will be fed with coal depending on the load of the power plant. Feeding (30 tonnes per hour) any three of these coal elevations is sufficient enough to supply the predetermined full load (210 MW) of the unit. All dampers always have a minimum opening of 30%. In general,less than 20% of the secondary air to the fireball will maintain substoichiometric combustion which limits the flame temperature of the fireball and provides the curtain of secondary air over the walls. The curtain of secondary air militates against the formation of slag on the furnace walls. All this proportioning of the air requires tools of adjustment available to the furnace operator. The dampers modulate according to coal input in three different ways as: When coal is fed into a particular(own) elevation ,the corresponding air damper starts modulating based on the fuel input to let the secondary air required for the combustion of given input. Rather when coal is fed into an (auxillary) elevation adjacent to a particular damper, the damper modulates to maintain the windbox to furnace differential pressure, thereby controlling the constant negative pressure essential to create swirling fireballs of combustion in tangentially fired boilers. When the condition of tripping the whole unit arises, all the six coal elevation dampers are opened to100 % (maximum). When there is no fuel input in any of the above elevations then the dampers will be in minimum opening position. (0%) 2) Operation of oil elevation dampers (AB, BC, CD, DE, EF): Oil is used as fuel input during startup and during scarcity of coal. Each pair of coal nozzle elevations is served by one elevation of oil burners (4 nos. /elevation) located in the auxiliary air nozzle. Thus 12 oil guns, non retractable type, are accommodated in the three elevations AB, CD and EF. Heavy fuel oil can be fired at the oil guns of all these three elevations, whereas light fuel oil (High speed diesel oil) can also be fired at AB elevation. Each oil gun is associated with a retractable high energy arc (HEA) igniter, arranged at the side of the oil gun in the auxiliary air compartment and they directly light up the oil guns. The dampers modulate according to oil input in three different ways as: When oil is fed into a particular(own) elevation ,the corresponding air damper starts modulating based on the fuel input to let the secondary air required for the combustion of given input. When steam input is higher than 30% with adjacent elevation opened then windbox to furnace differential pressure is maintained. Rather when oil is fed into an (auxillary) elevation adjacent to a particular damper, the damper modulates to maintain the windbox to furnace differential pressure, thereby controlling the constant negative pressure essential to create swirling fireballs of combustion in tangentially fired boilers. When the condition of tripping the whole unit arises, all the oil elevation dampers are opened to 100 % (maximum). When there is no fuel input in any of the above elevations then the dampers will be in minimum opening position. (0%) 3) Operation of AA, FF elevation dampers: The AA elevation of air damper is always fully (100%) opened and the FF elevation is always closed to enhance combustion. Thus the coding for the project is developed based on  the conditions of the coal and oil inputs. IV. SEQUENCE OF OPERATION The opening of dampers depends on the load and coal input. The above table I illustrate the percentage of coal input in each mill for given percentage of load. Here 30 Tonnes/Hr of coal is the 100% input and 10 Kg/cm2 of oil is the 100% input of oil. When unit load is 50%, then coal mills A, B are in full operation and C mill operates 10% with AB elevation having oil. For a load of 60%, coal mills A, B, C will operate till 30% and mill D has 10% input. AB oil elevation is fed with full percentage of oil. If the load is 70%, then there is no need for oil but coal mills A, B, C, and D are fed with maximum input. For 90% ,there is no need for oil but the coal mills A, B, C, D is fed with maximum input and E with 20% of fuel input. For 100% load, all the coal elevations are fed with maximum input. V. SIMULATION RESULTS Visual Basic is a third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model first released in 1991. Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. VBA is effectively the same language as Visual Basic but VBA-code is tied to Microsoft Office and can only run within that environment. A programmer can put together an application using the components provided with Visual Basic itself. The four fuel inputs are received via the potentiometer to the AT MEGA 8 microcontroller. The variation of potentiometers indicate amount of coal/diesel input. The damper opening depends on the variable point of the potentiometers. The controller board is connected to PC and arduino coding is uploaded in the controller. Then VB is used for graphical representation of damper opening. The simulation results showing the air dampers status variation according to the various input set points is as follows: The amount of coal input given is shown in the above fig 5. This show the percentage of input given, timer, coal mill that is active, amount of load, steam input set point and steam input in percentage. This form shows all the elevation of dampers and denotes the damper that is open and the percentage of damper opening is also shown. In addition to that reactive power produced for corresponding load is also calculated. VI CONCLUSION Based on the graphical programming language and the data stream operating mode, the software instead of apparatus, the use of virtual instrument technology has opened up our new field of control. Compared to the traditional control it has obvious advantages. Programming is simple by the graphical programming language. A form of visual basics personalizes button design and layout, with the virtual knobs and switches to struck the friendly human, intuitive control interface makes vivid, so that the operators are involved in the operation easier to control the process and results at a glance. The main advantage of controlling secondary air dampers by using arduino is lesser cost as compared to DCS technique, since the interfacing of inputs and outputs are directly given to the PC (which works as work station i.e. block panel and operator station i.e. front panel) .This paper was made in a Coal Based Thermal power plant at tuticorin, TTPS as the existing is running on DCS system. VII ABBREVIATIONS: DCS Distributed Control System FSSS Furnace Safeguard Supervision System FD fan Forced Draft Fan ID fan Induced Draft Fan ADC Analog to Digital converter PC Personal Computer VB Visual Basic 6.0 Draft difference of pressure causing flow of air Elevation -position of dampers Windbox -secondary air storage compartment between FD fan and furnace.

Different Sides of Embryonic Stem Cell Research :: Stem Cell Biology

The field of stem cell research remains highly controversial because of its ethical and moral values. â€Å"Despite the news in 2006 that researchers had found a way to harvest human embryonic stem cells without having to destroy embryos, controversy still surrounds potentially life-saving stem cell research.† (Gruen, 2007). Due to the strong emotional responses to some of the subject matter by the pro-lifers and certain religions and politics in general, I will attempt to explain different sides of embryonic stem cell research (ESC). This study describes what viable embryos are and the issues connected with them. Are stem cells viable embryos? Can they ever be a human being? Stem cells are no more than a precursor for some type of cell. They are not tiny embryos nor can they ever become embryos. Are human embryonic stem cells embryos? Although stem cells of themselves are not embryos, they are pluripotent; they can develop into any cell or tissue of the body. They are not ca pable of forming a new individual, as a fertilized egg or single cell taken from a four-cell embryo might if cultured in vitro and placed in a uterus. Stem cell research has become a subject of political discussion in recent years because of its social and ethical implications, but what is the big controversy with stem cell research? Most diseases are caused by the death of healthy cells in a particular organ. Parkinson’s disease is caused by the death of brain cells that produce a chemical call dopamine and diabetes is caused by the death of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. None of these organs can replace the cells that die. With stem cell therapy, these cells can be replaced. Researchers and scientists study stem cells to get a basic understanding of the process in cell development and disease. â€Å"The opposition of research on human embryos usually start and finish their argument with the claim that the human embryo is, from the moment of conception,a living , innocent human being. But the morality of using a being for research should depend on what the being is like, not on the species to which it belongs.† (Singer, 2001) This being of 64 cells has no brain and has never been conscious and can feel no pain. Take for instance researchers who do research on rats, the rats are not capable of preferring not to be in situations that are painful and frightening to them.